Just a question, I've often heard about the Umayyad Tax Policy (taxing non-muslims more than muslims, as touched on by Sal at. by local ruling families. Though, the Sassanids were weakened at the time which is what made conquest and conversion easier. By the year 1000 it is believed that nearly eighty percent of the population in the Dar-al-Islam (Islamic territory) had converted to faith in Allah as it had been revealed to the Prophet Muhammad in the seventh century and handed down through succeeding generations by way of the holy Koran (Qur'an). During the next caliphate, Around the 7th and 8th centuries some states of Turkic peoples existed - like the Turkic Khazar Khaganate (see Khazar-Arab Wars) and the Turkic Turgesh Khaganate, which fought against the caliphate in order to stop Arabization and Islamization in Asia. Regional rulers, who did not have to manage such vast territories, were able to expand more fruitfully in single directions. The first three decades of Charlemagne's reign were dominated by military campaigns, which were prompted by a variety of factors: the need to defend his realm against external foes and internal separatists, a desire for conquest and booty, a keen sense of opportunities offered by changing power relationships, and an urge to spread Christianity. Posted 6 years ago. Seizing the opportunity, an Arab-led (but mostly Berber) army invaded in 711, and by 720 had conquered the southern and central regions of the peninsula. India and Pakistan. Andalusia, http://www.islamicity.com/mosque/ihame/Sec5.htm Most of the significant expansion occurred during the reign of the. Oftentimes they're proven wrong. Islam did a better job than the religions that preceded it in the areas where it took root. Direct link to Wombat mal lch's post Hello! But this next period, the Rashidun, or the Rightly Guided Kalifs, kalif means successors, For four months, the siege continued. Indeed, it was the later Persian Safavid and Turkish Ottoman empires, neither of which was Arab, out of which the modern Islamic world was carved. [citation needed], Even before Islam was established amongst Indonesian communities, Muslim sailors and traders had often visited the shores of modern Indonesia, most of these early sailors and merchants arrived from the Abbasid Caliphate's newly established ports of Basra and Debal, many of the earliest Muslim accounts of the region note the presence of animals such as orang-utans, rhinos and valuable spice trade commodities such as cloves, nutmeg, galangal and coconut. Direct link to birdybunny's post So how was Muhammad succe, Posted 2 years ago. which is now dynastic, the Umayyad Caliphate, by In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. J.; Heinrichs, W. P. [4] These trends are the conversions from the state religion that had already plagued the Zoroastrian authorities that continued after the Arab conquest, coupled with the migration of Arab tribes into the region during an extended period of time that stretched well into the Abbasid reign. Significant conversions also occurred beyond the extent of the empire such as that of the Turkic tribes in Central Asia and peoples living in regions south of the Sahara in Africa through contact with Muslim traders active in the area and Sufi orders. 10. The Qur'an has a number of passages that support military action against non-Muslims, for example: But when the forbidden months are past, then fight and slay the Pagans wherever ye find them, and seize them, beleaguer them, and lie in wait for them in every stratagem (of war) Fight those who believe not in Allah nor the Last Day, nor hold that forbidden which hath been forbidden by Allah and His Messenger, nor acknowledge the religion of Truth, (even if they are) of the People of the Book Other passages confirmed the rightness of the ancient military tradition of looting from the defeated, and specified how the booty should be divided. From there Arab trade routes into the interior of Africa helped the slow acceptance of Islam. Scholars reject the stereotype that this process was initially "spread by the sword" or forced conversions. [25] Throughout the period, as well as in the following centuries, divisions occurred between Persians and Arabs, and Sunnis and Shias, and unrest in provinces empowered local rulers at times.[23]. little bit more conciliatory. So this is creating a moral hierarchy that is very debatable, of language, for example, in more pacifist notions A depiction of Mohammed (top, veiled) and the first four Caliphs. One of the tricky things On this timeline here, the A long period of instability and dissatisfaction had left them ambivalent toward their previous rulers. [1] These early caliphates, coupled with Muslim economics and trading, the Islamic Golden Age, and the age of the Islamic gunpowder empires, resulted in Islam's spread outwards from Mecca towards the Indian, Atlantic, and Pacific Oceans and the creation of the Muslim world. urban classes of the population, "or tribal communities. "Fight them until there is no persecution "and until worship is Hugh Kennedy, The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State, 2001. Historians believed that Islam spread for the reasons of trade, military conquest, and the treaty. Is it? Direct link to priscilla's post What 2 religions were all, Posted 4 years ago. "The question of why This was the start of a distinctly Spanish Muslim society, where large Christian and Jewish populations coexisted with an increasing percentage of Muslims. Direct link to Xavier Mercurio's post Because back in ancient t. Within a few centuries, however, the process was well . at the sacred mosque "until they fight you there. excerpts is this one. At Mecca, Muhammad is said to have received repeated embassies from Christian tribes. [20], Ira M. Lapidus distinguishes between two separate strands of converts of the time: animists and polytheists of tribal societies of the Arabian Peninsula and the Fertile Crescent and the native Christians and Jews existing before the Muslims arrived. killing disbelievers arbitrarily. For instance, they represented Ali as the tenth avatar of Vishnu and wrote hymns as well as a mahdi purana in their effort to win converts. there definitely are more militant portions of the Koran. The truth is that Islamization in each Balkan country took place in the course of many centuries, and its nature and phase was determined not by the Ottoman government but by the specific conditions of each locality. [18], Within the century of the establishment of Islam upon the Arabian Peninsula and the subsequent rapid expansion during the early Muslim conquests, one of the most significant empires in world history was formed. Arab traders used to visit the Malabar region, which was a link between them and the ports of South East Asia to trade even before Islam had been established in Arabia. The religion of Islam demonstrates that only through the doing of good and the seeking of God's pleasure can one find true happiness, peace, and contentment-in this life and the hereafter. This does not necessarily imply political or social organizations: Global Muslim identity does not necessarily or even usually imply organized group action. The Rashidun caliphate constructed a massive empire out of many swift military victories. Bury, London, 1898, V, 436. those who persecute you, but it actually seems to be a Direct link to David Alexander's post Sufism emerged early on i. [citation needed] Figures such as Osama bin Laden and Abdallah Azzam have been crucial in these developments, as much as domestic and world politics.[32]. God those who fight you, "but transgress not the limits. By the 16th century, most of the people of what are nowadays Iran and Azerbaijan had adopted the Shia branch of Islam through the conversion policies of the Safavids. [79] The Naqshbandis are the most prominent of these orders, especially in Kashgaria, where the western Chagatai Khan was also a disciple of the order.[79]. There's also worldly motives. around the life of Mohammed. be better than the last. This can be seen with the Ottomans taxing trade between Europe and the rest of the world, since Europe was Christian. The earliest forms of warfare by Muslims occurred after the migration of Muhammad and his small group of followers to Medina from Mecca and the conversion of several inhabitants of the city to Islam.At this time, Muslims had been persecuted and oppressed by the Meccans. The Mosque of Umar, opposite the doors of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, with the tall minaret, is known as the place to which he retired for his prayer. The Muslim community spread through the Middle East through conquest, and the resulting growth of the Muslim state provided the ground in which the recently revealed faith could take root. [75] The Bulgars of the Volga (to whom the modern Volga Tatars trace their Islamic roots) adopted Islam by the 10th century. The military expansions of the earlier period spread Islam in name only; it was later that Islamic culture truly spread, with people converting to Islam in large numbers. Muslim merchants from the Arabian Peninsula had to pass through these islands of the south via the maritime Silk Roads to reach China's ports. Direct link to JaydinA's post the world and the New cul, Posted 3 months ago. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. Simply put, Islam may have sped the conquests, but it also showed much greater staying power. [17], Muslim Arab expansion in the first centuries after Prophet Muhammad's death soon established dynasties in North Africa, West Africa, to the Middle East, and south to Somalia by the Companions of the Prophet, most notably the Rashidun Caliphate and military advents of Khalid Bin Walid, Amr ibn al-As and Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas. These terms are used concurrently with the terminology of the "spread of Islam" to refer to the process through which a society shifts towards the religion of Islam and becomes largely Muslim. It was bounded mostly by "a combination of natural barriers and well-organized states". If you lived in the Islamic empire, and were not Muslim, what did you have to do? [75], Another contemporary institution identified as Muslim, the Qarakhanid dynasty of the Kara-Khanid Khanate, operated much further east,[75] established by Karluks who became Islamized after converting under Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan in the mid-10th century. [55][56], H. G. Rawlinson, in his book Ancient and Medieval History of India (.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}ISBN81-86050-79-5), claims the first Arab Muslims settled on the Indian coast in the last part of the 7th century. As a clarification question, is this supposed to mean that the early Muslims were conquering territory for a kingdom, like Rome, Greece, and Persia in earlier times? 610 c.e.) The Islamic conquests, which culminated in the Arab empire being established across three continents (Asia, Africa, and Europe), enriched the Muslim world, achieving the economic preconditions for the emergence of this institution owing to the emphasis attached to Islamic teachings. A painting depicting the siege of Baghdad by the Mongols in 1258. Idolatrous religions would not be allowed, but neither Judaism nor Christianity, which Muhammad (sa) respected, were unmolested. Another driving force for the change of the ruling class in the region was the concept among the increasing Muslim communities of the region when ruling dynasties to attempt to forge such ties of kinship by marriage. To make things more difficult, the Prophet had not left clear instructions as to who should lead the community after his death. This is not surprising, as the armies of those days were not like modern armies - but more like a federation of tribal mercenary groups who were not paid and whose only material reward came from the spoils of war. That is a similar form, method As the descendants of Visigoths and Hispano-Romans concentrated in the north of the peninsula, in the kingdoms of Asturias/Leon, Navarre and Aragon and started a long campaign known as the 'Reconquista' which started with the victory of the Christian armies in Covadonga in 722. "And there is to be no aggression "except against the oppressors." When the new one is better, you switch. This is from Mohammed's farewell sermon. They were essentially in exile. from all around the world under the Abbasid dynasty. aren't showing on this map, those happened later on This assimilation is evident in the mix of Islamic traditions with pre-Islamic belief systems in syncretic religious systems. Many different groups ruled areas previously held by the Abbasids. Jonathan P. Berkey, The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600-1800, 2003. Fortunately the community immediately chose the Prophet's close companion and father-in-Law Abu Bakr, as his successor. They were torturing and killing that early Muslim community. [16] In contemporary usage, "Islamization" and its variants too can also be used with implied negative connotations to refer to the perceived imposition of an Islamist social and political system on a society with an indigenously different social and political background. Direct link to Juan C. Mendoza's post Explain the causes of the, Posted 3 years ago. are destroyed or killed, or God might command his 205. about in most cases worldly and spiritual motives for at do hint at these early caliphates weren't that [67] The Mughal decline provided opportunities for the Maratha Empire, Sikh Empire, Mysore Kingdom, Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad and Nizams of Hyderabad to exercise control over large regions of the Indian subcontinent. Now in order to get context That's clearly a critical view of this. The defeat of the Ottomans in 1699 by the Austrians resulted in their loss of Hungary and present-day Croatia. "And fight in the way of [68] Eventually, after numerous wars sapped its strength, the Mughal Empire was broken into smaller powers like Shia Nawab of Bengal, the Nawab of Awadh, the Nizam of Hyderabad, and the Kingdom of Mysore, which became the major Asian economic and military power on the Indian subcontinent. Not having a shared religion spawns disagreement. "There shall be no compulsion "in acceptance of the religion." The early caliphate had a strong army and built garrison towns, but it did not build sophisticated administrations. You may have this backwards. IV.[58]. The caliphs of Damascus (661-750) were tolerant princes who were on generally good terms with their Christian subjects. Missionaries and political expansion moved Islamic culture, but Islamic culture also traveled through trade. "In most cases, worldly Overview of the spread of Islam from the time of Muhammed to the Rashidun, Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates. These empires were significantly weakened after a period of fighting with one another and other peripheral factions like the Turks, economic turmoil, disease, and environmental problems. However, the modern-day history of the Islamization of the region - or rather a conscious affiliation with Islam - dates to the reign of the ulus of the son of Genghis Khan, Jochi, who founded the Golden Horde,[76] which operated from the 1240s to 1502. Palestine once again became a battleground as the various enemies of the Fatimids counterattacked. [21], The caliphs of the Arab dynasty established the empire's first school, which taught the Arabic language and Islamic studies. The first is the expansion of Islamic statesthat is, states whose ruling elite consisted Islam, Islam The religion that God set forth for Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and muammad proclaimed by the latter in Arabia in the 7th century, which enjoys the Pan-islamism, Pan-Islam Pan-Islam is the ideology that calls for the . They would say, look, this Byzantine rule was ended by the Arabs, who invaded Tunisia from 647 to 648[41] and Morocco in 682 in the course of their drive to expand the power of Islam. This is talking about killing Christianity spread, amid intense persecution, for nearly 300 years throughout parts of Europe, northern Africa, and the Middle East. Direct link to Absha Pragasam's post How did the caliphate dev, Posted 3 years ago. In the initial invasion, the victorious Muslims granted religious freedom to the Christian community in Alexandria, and the Alexandrians quickly recalled their exiled Monophysite patriarch to rule over them, subject only to the ultimate political authority of the conquerors. The caliphs furthermore began the ambitious project of building mosques across the empire, many of which remain today, such as the Umayyad Mosque, in Damascus. Direct link to BetFox20's post How did Islam influence a, Posted 3 years ago. In the wake of the Ridda wars, and of the Arabs' sudden conquest of most of the Near East, the new religion became identified more sharply as a monotheism for the Arab people. Image credit: Under the Abbasids, Islamic art and culture flourished. Harun Abu Jafar (786-809), sent the keys of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre to Charlemagne, who built a hospice for Latin pilgrims near the shrine.[34]. Read more. From the Subhat al-Akhbar, a 17th-century Ottoman painting. Direct link to Mitrue's post In Islam, Muhammad is not, Posted 3 years ago. Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Between the eighth and ninth centuries, Arab traders and travelers, then African clerics, began to spread the religion along the eastern coast of Africa and to the western and central Sudan (literally, "Land of Black people"), stimulating the development of urban communities. [citation needed] Java was the seat of the primary kingdom of the region, the Majapahit Empire, which was ruled by a Hindu dynasty. have Muslim conquest of India included Hindus and Buddists as well, and it also included Zoroastrians, who the early Muslims The first Indian mosque is thought to have been built in 629CE, purportedly at the behest of an unknown Chera dynasty ruler, during the lifetime of Muhammad (c.571632) in Kodungallur, in district of Thrissur, Kerala by Malik Bin Deenar. What was the main reason for the spread of Islam? Direct link to sb10010's post How did the Islamic empir, Posted 4 years ago. The generous terms that the invading armies usually offered made their faith accessible to the conquered populations. Crete was conquered during the 17th century, but the Ottomans lost Hungary to the Holy Roman Empire, and other parts of Eastern Europe, which ended with the Treaty of Carlowitz in 1699. However, only a small fraction of the people who came under Arab Muslim control immediately adopted Islam. conversion by force, "while not unknown in Muslim countries," so there was some forced conversion, but according to Lapidus Direct link to David Alexander's post The people of the lands i, Posted 6 years ago. How did the ethnic character of the Muslim Empires change over the course of the Abbasid caliphate? However, to sustain such a massive empire, more robust state structures were necessary, and the Umayyads began developing these structures, which were often influenced by the political structures in neighboring empires like the Byzantines and Sasanians. Direct link to Polina Viti's post During the *Umayyad Dynas, Posted 4 years ago. What was recognizably an Islamic world had emerged by the end of the 10th century. Or, is it simply saying that people within the given areas gradually began to accept Islam more and more? 591 Words Direct link to David Alexander's post Judaism and Christianity , Posted 5 years ago. The famous medieval epic poem 'Cantar de Mio Cid' narrates the life and deeds of this hero during the Reconquista. (eds.). It includes a feeling of a "growing universalistic Islamic identity" as often shared by Muslim immigrants and their children who live in non-Muslim countries: The increased integration of world societies as a result of enhanced communications, media, travel, and migration makes meaningful the concept of a single Islam practiced everywhere in similar ways, and an Islam which transcends national and ethnic customs.[32]. So they're really switching A painting depicting a battle. The Rashidun can be credited for military expansion, but did Islam truly spread through their conquests? It depends on the context and the manner in which the "new" serves better than "what came before.". Direct link to David Alexander's post You may have this backwar, Posted 4 years ago. This map shows the extent of the Umayyad Empire in 750 CE. Direct link to David Alexander's post Man, that looks like a ho, Posted 4 years ago. Muslim Kurdish, Persian, Turkish, Mongol, and Afghan leaders secured power in places as far apart as modern-day Turkey and modern-day northern India. "But if they fight you, then kill them. How did Islam come to be one of the most popular and influential religions in the world? Direct link to i 's post Women did contribute to I, Posted 2 years ago. Direct link to David Alexander's post Islam came to it's major , Posted 5 years ago. You will not see this type As people converted to Islam, tax revenue collected from non-Muslim subjects dwindled, and the Abbasid court could no longer sustain its expenditures. [2] Trade played an important role in the spread of Islam in some parts of the world, such as Indonesia. sense of nonsuperiority of one ethnicity over another. Islamic influence first came to be felt in the Indian subcontinent during the early 7th century with the advent of Arab traders. conversion blended together, he's referring to these ideas that maybe for some people it just appealed to them. They were in fear for their Could it be a "remission of taxation for conversion" instead? This is not necessarily through conquest or conversion, but mostly through current demographics. Direct link to Ameen Aldubaisi's post Through the trades with o, Posted 3 years ago. In 1499, the remaining Muslim inhabitants were ordered to convert or leave (at the same time the Jews were expelled). Yet the Marwanids also depended heavily on the help of non-Arab administrative personnel and on administrative practices (e.g., a set of government bureaus). Later, the Ottoman Empire set on to conquer territories from these rivals: Cyprus and other Greek islands (except Crete) were lost by Venice to the Ottomans, and the latter conquered territory up to the Danube basin as far as Hungary. This is not to say that the Muslims were not brave and that the conviction that they were doing Allah's will was not significant: it clearly was. The people of the Islamic world created numerous sophisticated centers of culture and science with far-reaching mercantile networks, travelers, scientists, hunters, mathematicians, physicians, and philosophers, all contributing to the Islamic Golden Age. Direct link to Hecretary Bird's post Having a shared religion , Posted 5 years ago. By sharing a common religion and a common transliteralization (Arabic), traders showed greater willingness to trust, and therefore invest, in one another. While Muslim Spain was fragmenting, the Christian kingdoms grew larger and stronger, and the balance of power shifted against the 'Taifa' kingdoms. of not just the Koran, but including the Bible, which is believed to first be written in Aramaic, or the Old Testament, the Muslim conquerors ordinarily wished to dominate rather than convert, and most conversions to Islam were voluntary. As is well known, the Arabs made no attempt to impose their faith on their new subjects, and at first in fact discouraged conversions on the part of non-Arabs. "[21] In contrast, for tribal, nomadic, monotheistic societies, "Islam was substituted for a Byzantine or Sassanian political identity and for a Christian, Jewish or Zoroastrian religious affiliation. [45], It used to be argued that Zoroastrianism quickly collapsed in the wake of the Islamic conquest of Persia due to its intimate ties to the Sassanid state structure. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. [70] The first communities arose in Northern Sumatra (Aceh) and the Malacca's remained a stronghold of Islam from where it was propagated along the trade routes in the region. Ultimately, there were many factions that regarded the Umayyads as corrupt and illegitimate, some of whom rallied around new leaders. Direct link to i 's post Non-Muslims living in a M, Posted 4 years ago. After about 1683, when the last Ottoman campaign against Vienna failed, the great empires for which this period is so famous began to shrink and weaken, just as western Europeans first began to show their potential for worldwide expansion and domination. But the Arab military adventures do not seem to have been intended as a religious war of conversion. So it's really out of defense, trying not to be persecuted. Muslim conquests following Muhammad's death led to the creation of the caliphates, occupying a vast geographical area; conversion to Islam was boosted by Arab Muslim forces conquering vast territories and building imperial structures over time. Societal Islamization has historically occurred over the course of many centuries since the spread of Islam outside of the Arabian Peninsula through the early Muslim conquests, with notable shifts occurring in the Levant, Iran, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, West Africa,[15] Central Asia, South Asia (in Afghanistan, Maldives, Pakistan, and Bangladesh), Southeast Asia (in Malaysia, Brunei, and Indonesia), Southeastern Europe (in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Kosovo, among others), Eastern Europe (in the Caucasus, Crimea, and the Volga), and Southern Europe (in Spain, Portugal, and Sicily prior to re-Christianizations). Rival dynasties and revolutions led to the eventual disunion of the Muslim world. While you will be able to view the content of this page in your current browser, you will not be able to get the full visual experience. Christians were persecuted and churches destroyed. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. The reasons that by the end of the 10th century, a large part of the population had converted to Islam are diverse.