[62], What started out as an unusual practice to extend debate has become a routine method for blocking the will of the majority. Filibusters proved to be particularly useful to southern Senators who sought to block civil rights legislation, including anti-lynching bills.[8]. [14], 1974 Senator Robert C. Byrd (D-WV) plays a lead role in the creation of the budget reconciliation process, a massive, ongoing exception to the filibuster rules. All articles are regularly reviewed and updated by the HISTORY.com team. By the time the111th Congressadjourned in 2010, the number offilibusters had risen to 137 for the entire two-year term. Facebook: quarterly number of MAU (monthly active users) worldwide 2008-2022, Quarterly smartphone market share worldwide by vendor 2009-2022, Number of apps available in leading app stores Q3 2022. The term filibuster originated from the 18th-century word flibustier, which referred to pirates who pillaged the Spanish colonies in the West Indies, according to the Oxford English Dictionary. Actor James Stewart made the filibuster famous in the 1939 film, Mr. Smith Goes to Washington. Transfer to a cutting board to cool. The two-track system In 1964, during debate over what became the Civil Rights Act, southern Democrats filibustered for over 75 hours in an attempt to prevent the bill's passage. The grave risk facing our democracy today stems directly from former President Donald Trumps Big Lie that the 2020 presidential election was stolen from him pure demagoguery repeated incessantly and with no basis in fact. This chart shows the numbers of cloture motions filed in the Senate, by term. We Must Protect The Sacred Right To Vote, Fred Wertheimer, Medium (8/27/2021), [58] Biden Is Open to Scrapping Filibuster for Voting Rights Bill and Maybe More, The New York Times (10/21/2021), [59] Transcript of Pelosi Interview on CNNs State of the Union With Jake Tapper, Nancy Pelosi, Speaker of the House (10/24/2021), [60] Senate Dems push new voting bill, and again hit GOP wall, Associated Press (11/3/2021), [61] Senate Republicans block debate on a third major voting rights bill, The Washington Post (11/3/2021), [62] Why The Filibuster Rules Must Be Revised In Order To Protect Voting Rights And Save The Senate, Democracy 21 (11/17/2021), [63] The hypocrisy argument on the filibuster is itself phony, E. J. Dionne Jr., The Washington Post (11/28/2021), [64] Statement in Support of the Freedom to Vote Act, (11/2021), 2000 Massachusetts Avenue NW [13], 1964 Multiple southern Senators conduct a 60-day filibuster of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. For more information visit: www.democracy21.org, [1] Senate Rules Committee, U.S. Senate (4/22/2010), [2] Senate Rules Committee, U.S. Senate (4/22/2010), [3] Senate Rules Committee, U.S. Senate (4/22/2010), [4] Senate Reverses A Presidential Censure, Senate Historical Office, U.S. Senate, [5] The Case Against The Filibuster, Brennan Center for Justice (2020), [6] Cloture Rule, Senate Historical Office, U.S. Senate, [7] Cloture Rule, Senate Historical Office, U.S. Senate, [8] About Filibusters and Cloture|Historical Overview, Senate Historical Office, U.S. Senate, [9] Mitch McConnell is wrong. In the 205 years since then, the filibuster has repeatedly been used to block a wide swath of civil rights protections from anti-lynching laws and anti-poll tax measures in the 19th and 20th centuries to the efforts today to block voting rights protections. For individual content and infographics in your Corporate Design, Its time to get the Senate working again.[36], 2017 Senator McConnell, now Majority Leader, leads his own successful effort to bypass the filibuster rules by invoking the nuclear option to allow a majority of Senators, instead of 60, to end a filibuster on Supreme Court nominees. How these questions are ultimately answered could very well determine the fate of our democracy. The same senators came out in 2021 against filibusters abolition or weakening to end the problem of the U.S. debt ceiling in the medium term. Standing in the way of enacting these bills are the Senate filibuster rules, which need to be revised. [27] Fully half of the 168 Senate filibusters of executive and judicial nominees in American history come during the first five years of the Obama Administration, when McConnell is minority leader. 1964 Herblock Cartoon, courtesy of The Herb Block Foundation, Professor Binder: Of the 30 measures we identified between 1917 and 1994, exactly half addressed civil rights including measures to authorize federal investigation and prosecution of lynching, to ban the imposition of poll taxes, and to prohibit discrimination on the basis of race in housing sales and rentals. To "filibuster" means to delay action on a bill or other issue by talking. There have been as many cloture motions in the last 10 years (959) as there were during the 60-year period from 1947 to 2006 (960).[30], 2011 Senator Joe Manchin (D-WV), the successor to and admirer of Senator Byrd[31], cosponsors and votes for two measures to change the filibuster rules: S. Res. The filibusters habit of stalling the legislative process frustrated various senators throughout the 1800s, who triedunsuccessfullymultiple times to abolish the rule. For example, during the period from 1969 to 2014, the filibuster rules were bypassed 161 times when specific measures were allowed to pass the Senate by majority vote without being subject to the filibuster rules. Senator Robert C. Byrd (D-WV), the acknowledged master of the Senate Rules, always opposed eliminating the filibuster rules entirely, but he also believed that the filibuster rules should be changed when circumstances change.. Were going to have to move to the point where we fundamentally alter the filibuster.[58], October 24, 2021 In an interview on CNN, House Speaker Nancy Pelosi (D-CA) says: The most important vote right now in the Congress of the United States is the vote to respect the sanctity of the vote, the fundamental basis of our democracy. [1], Vice President Aaron Burr Public Domain, 1806 At the suggestion of Vice President Aaron Burr, the Senate ends its use of the previous question motion which empowers a simple majority to end debate on a measure. Between 1969 and 2014, there have been 161 exceptions to the Senate filibuster rules supermajority requirement. 10, to eliminate the filibuster on motions to begin debate on legislation, and S. Res. Will they be able to pass the Act and prevent new state election subversion laws from empowering partisan state election officials to rig the outcomes of federal elections? That spring, the Senate adopts a cloture rule to allow a super-majority vote of two-thirds of Senators to cut off a debate. [33], In supporting the resolutions, Senator Manchin says: West Virginians deserve a government that works for them, and they are understandably frustrated with the way things get done or dont in Washington.[34], Unfortunately, the legislative process in Washington has gotten so dysfunctional that it doesnt even make much sense at all anymore. The weaponizing of the filibuster by Senator McConnell and his Republican colleagues has made the Senate a dysfunctional and often paralyzed institution. internet, telecommunications and consumer electronics Since the 1970s, the use of the filibuster has mushroomed. But over the past few years, cloture votes have become the norm. Or, will the Senate filibuster rules be preserved intact, allowing Senators to continue blocking the Senate from acting on these crucial laws? Also from Democracy 21: Analysis: Why The Filibuster Rules Must Be Revised In Order To Protect Voting Rights And Save The Senate. Broil until charred, tossing occasionally, for 3 to 7 minutes. That number grew steadily since and spiked in 2007 and. We Must Protect The Sacred Right To Vote, Biden Is Open to Scrapping Filibuster for Voting Rights Bill and Maybe More, Senate Dems push new voting bill, and again hit GOP wall, Senate Republicans block debate on a third major voting rights bill, Why The Filibuster Rules Must Be Revised In Order To Protect Voting Rights And Save The Senate, Senate Passes Bipartisan Bill To Fast-Track Debt Ceiling Hike, Avoid Default, The hypocrisy argument on the filibuster is itself phony, Statement in Support of the Freedom to Vote Act. Press releases, Sign up for Democracy 21s email list(s) to receive Wertheimers Political Report our weekly newsletter released every Thursday and/or our regular news releases. Counting the latest cloture attempt on the minimum wage bill, there have been 128 such motions already this session, a hair less than the record 139 filed in 2007-08 and that's with about nine. Coarsely chop scallions and set aside. Can I integrate infographics into my blog or website? [53], August 11, 2021 Republicans again use the filibuster to block debate on H.R. That spring, the Senate adopts a cloture rule to allow a super-majority vote of two-thirds of Senators to cut off a debate. One way the filibuster can no longer be used is in blocking executive and judicial branch nominees. [28], When McConnell leaves the Senate, this will be his legacy: Senator McConnell turned the worlds greatest deliberative body into a dysfunctional, undemocratic, and feckless institution. Fred Wertheimer, Democracy 21[29], Brennan Center: Cloture motions have skyrocketed since 2006, doubling from that year to the next and reaching an all-time high in the [2019-2020] Senate. Throughout history, senators have debated the merits of the filibuster. Thurmond drank a glass before an aide removed it from his reach. They would also protect against partisan election administration officials rigging the results of federal elections and protect against future enactment of state and local voter discrimination laws. The Week is part of Future plc, an international media group and leading digital publisher. These voter suppression laws are aimed in particular at preventing voting by Black, brown, and other minorities. [56], Washington Post columnist E.J. [37], The Senate proceeds to confirm three Trump-nominated Supreme Court Justices by majority vote, under this exception to the filibuster rules. During most of Obama's first year in office and for a few weeks this year, 58 Democratic senators and two Independents who normally vote with them held a filibuster-proof 60-seat majority in. Over the next four decades, the Senate managed to invoke cloture only five times. However, even with the new cloture rule, the Senate Historical Office notes, filibusters remained an effective means to block legislation, since a two-thirds vote was difficult to obtain. Will the filibuster rules be changed to allow the Freedom to Vote Act and the John Lewis Voting Rights Advancement Act to pass the Senate by a majority vote? Analysis by Rachel Roubein. please include a backlink to the respective infographic URL. Professors Jacob Hacker and Paul Pierson : No one presently or perhaps ever in the Senate has practiced the dark art of obstruction as relentlessly as Mitch McConnell.[25], 2009-2016 During the Obama Administration, Senate Republicans, under Senator McConnell, use the filibuster more than ever in history. under the Creative Commons License CC BY-ND 3.0, may be used According to Nadine Cohodass 1993 biography, Strom Thurmond and the Politics of Southern Change, Thurmond prepared by first dehydrating in a steam room, in hopes of avoiding having to use a bathroom for many hours. To put it starkly: Abuse of the filibuster is wrecking the Senate. E.J. Senator Robert C. Byrd (D-WV), the acknowledged master of the Senate Rules, always opposed eliminating the filibuster rules entirely, but he also believed that the filibuster rules should be changed when to reflect changed circumstances.. Updated: August 21, 2018 | Original: September 12, 2017. Also from Democracy 21: Analysis: Why The Filibuster Rules Must Be Revised In Order To Protect Voting Rights And Save The Senate. Its time to get the Senate working again.[37], 2017 Senator McConnell, now Majority Leader, leads his own successful effortto bypass the filibuster rules by invoking the nuclear option to require a majority of Senators, instead of 60, to end a filibuster on Supreme Court nominees. All Rights Reserved. ), /wp-content/uploads/2020/01/dem21-logo-red-horizontal-250x90-1.svg, Democracy 21 Report: A Timeline Of The Senate Filibuster, 1806 2021. 1964 Herblock Cartoon, courtesy of The Herb Block Foundation, Professor Binder: Of the 30 measures we identified between 1917 and 1994, exactly half addressed civil rights including measures to authorize federal investigation and prosecution of lynching, to ban the imposition of poll taxes, and to prohibit discrimination on the basis of race in housing sales and rentals. Senate Republicans on Wednesday blocked a vote on a bill that would raise the federal minimum wage from $7.25 to $10.10 per hour. The Freedom to Vote Act and the John Lewis Voting Rights Advancement Act are considered essential to protect the sacred right to vote from state voter suppression and discrimination laws enacted in state legislatures in 2021, and to prevent the subversion and rigging of federal elections by partisan Republican election officials. Vice President Burrs suggestion was simply to clean up the Senate rule book which included rules Burr considered unnecessary. For the Senate to preserve our democracy and protect the right to vote, and to be known again as the worlds greatest deliberative body, the Senate filibuster rules must be revised. Through the filibuster, the minority party in the Senate can hold up proceedings by not letting bills come up to a vote if the majority party lacks a majority of 60 votes or more. None receives 60 votes. That number grew to more than 19 per year on average between 1971 and 1992 before doubling to 43 per year from 1993 through 2012. It passes in the Senate by a vote of 59-to-35. And following Obama's election, Republicans kept right on filibustering again and again and again. The Senate filibuster was created by mistake in 1806. Democrats' top filibusterer is Sen. Ron Wyden of Oregon, with 584 "No" votes on cloture. [35], Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid (D-NV) says: The American people believe the Senate is broken, and I believe the American people are right. In April 1964, a group of Southern Senators led by Richard Russell, Strom Thurmond, Robert Byrd, William Fulbright and Sam Ervin started a 60-day filibuster to block the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964. Filibustering in the United States Senate," identified "twenty-six measures" proposed between Reconstruction and 1994 "that would directly change public law" that were "clearly killed because of. [38], The two most substantial legislative actions of the past 12 years President Obamas Affordable Care Act and President Trumps tax cuts were achieved only because one party used an exception to the filibuster rules. [W]hen we dig into the history of Congress, it seems that the filibuster was created by mistake. Political Science Professor Sarah A. The Freedom to Vote Act and the John Lewis Voting Rights Advancement Act would override the state voter suppression laws triggered by Trumps Big Lie. Senator Elizabeth Warren (D-MA): This is proof that its possible to create exceptions to the filibuster and move forward when its important.[64], What started out as an unusual practice to extend debate has become a routine method for blocking the will of the majority. To be sure, Senators have filibustered issues other than civil rights over the Senates history. Articles with the HISTORY.com Editors byline have been written or edited by the HISTORY.com editors, including Amanda Onion, Missy Sullivan and Matt Mullen. [23], 1985 Senator Byrd leads an unsuccessful effort to change the filibuster rules, proposing changing the number of votes needed for cloture to end a filibuster from 60 Senators to three-fifths of Senators present and voting. They got rid of the rule by mistake: Because Aaron Burr told them to.[3], 1837 A minority of Senators opposing President Andrew Jackson conduct the first filibuster in an unsuccessful effort to prevent Jacksons allies from expunging a resolution of censure against him. BBC News.The Senate Filibuster, Explained. Ron Elving. Indeed, it shouldn't even be called "the filibuster": It. The Freedom to Vote Act and the John Lewis Voting Rights Advancement Act must be enacted to protect our nation. The United States must extend to every citizen equal rights, says Rep. Henry Cabot Lodge (R-MA), the key sponsor of the bill. January 17, 202210:12 AM ET. Senate Republican Leader McConnell dramatically changed the character and role of the filibuster and the circumstances in which it is used. Now, with multiple measures moving at once, leadership can simply set aside a controversial bill as theoretical debate continues, and move onto other matters in the meantime. By the mid-1800s the term had evolved to filibuster and taken on political meaning, describing the process by which long-winded senators hold the legislative body hostage by their verbiage. As The U.S. Hurtles Toward A Debt Crisis, What Does McConnell Want? The current one is held by the previous. In a video series originally published in 2017, NPR explains the filibuster - a 60-vote threshold for most legislation in the Senate. Senate Majority Leader Schumer: Republicans have formed a wall, a total wall of opposition against progress on voting rights in the United States Senate. In the early 1970s, Senate leaders adopted changes that allowed more than one bill or matter to be pending on the floor at once. That means that, while the filibuster remains very much alive in its current form, endless performances by long-winded, bleary-eyed, dehydrated senators are now mostly limited to the movies and history books. Free shipping for many products! As a result, experts say a way to approximate but not entirely count filibusters is to count the number of times the Senate attempts to break a filibuster by forcing an up-or-down vote. The U.S. Senate defines a filibuster as an "informal term for any attempt to block or delay Senate action on a bill or other matter by debating it at length, by offering numerous procedural. Some argue its an important tactic empowering a minority party that otherwise would have little sway in the Senate. Los Angeles Times.The Longest Filibuster in History Lasted More Than a DayHeres How It went Down. [63], December 9, 2021 The Senate agrees to an exception to the filibuster rules to allow the debt ceiling increase to bypass the filibuster and pass by a simple majority. During Trump's presidency, McConnell and the Senate GOP have held time-sapping roll call votes to break a filibuster and end debate on nominees a whopping 314 times, according to Senate tallies.. For the current one, the number stood at 293 with several months still to go in the term. The Senate filibuster first captured the American imagination in Frank Capra's 1939 movie "Mr. Smith Goes to Washington . [4], 1800s The Senate filibuster is rarely used in the 1800s, the Brennan Center notes, as it required Senators to physically stay on the Senate floor and continue their speechmaking, a tactic difficult to sustain for any great length of time. [28] Fully half of the 168 Senate filibusters of executive and judicial nominees in American history come during the first five years of the Obama Administration, when McConnell is minority leader. House Democrats Pass Sweeping Elections Bill As GOP Legislatures Push To Restrict Voting, How GOP-Backed Voting Measures Could Create Hurdles For Tens Of Millions Of Voters, McConnell Defends Senate Filibuster: It Has No Racial History At All, How Chuck Schumer Plans To Pass Voting Rights, GOP filibuster blocks Democrats big voting rights bill, Republicans Again Block Action On Voting Rights And Gerrymandering, Senate Republicans Block Voting Rights Bill, Leaving Its Fate in Doubt, Senate Republicans again block key voting rights bill, As It Was In 1965, Today We Cannot Rest. [26], 2010 Senator McConnell: The single most important thing we want to achieve is for President Obama to be a one-term president.[27], From 2009 through 2014, there are a historic 382 cloture votes held in the Senate. Heres the filibusters racial history, Sarah Binder, The Washington Post (3/24/2021), [51] How Chuck Schumer Plans To Pass Voting Rights, MSNBC (4/28/2021), [52] Senator Joe Manchin, Twitter (5/17/2021), [53] GOP filibuster blocks Democrats big voting rights bill, Associated Press (6/22/2021), [54] Republicans Again Block Action On Voting Rights And Gerrymandering, HuffPost (8/11/2021), [55] Senate Republicans Block Voting Rights Bill, Leaving Its Fate in Doubt, The New York Times (10/20/2021), [56] Senate Republicans again block key voting rights bill, The Guardian (11/3/2021), [57] A Make-Or-Break Moment For Our Democracy, E.J. There is no filibuster in the House of Representatives because rules adopted in that larger legislative body strictly limit the amount of time each representative may speak on the House floor. The best of the best: the portal for top lists & rankings: Strategy and business building for the data-driven economy: Kyrsten Sinema (D-AZ) and Joe Manchin (D-WV) are the two senators currently standing in the way of the Democratic Party abolishing or carving out exceptions to the Senate filibuster. We're . So, if there were one vote that the filibuster could enable to go forward that would be the vote.[59], November 3, 2021 Republicans use the filibuster to block debate on the John Lewis Voting Rights Advancement Act, marking the fourth time in 2021 that a Republican-led obstructionist filibuster has blocked consideration of a voting rights measure. [38], The Senate proceeds to confirm three Trump-nominated Supreme Court Justices by majority vote, under this exception to the filibuster rules. [17] Senators reduce the number of votes needed for cloture from 67 votes (two-thirds of Senators) to 60 votes (three-fifths of Senators). Help us reach our goal of $200,000! The most interesting data on filibusters, though, are year by year. Press releases, Sign up for Democracy 21s email list(s) to receive Wertheimers Political Report our weekly newsletter released every Thursday and/or our regular news releases. The United States Senate is facing a decision of historic consequence with the fate of our democracy at stake. Public Domain, 1917 Following a successful filibuster of legislation to arm merchant ships as a means to protect against German attack, which isolationist Senators feared would lead the country into World War I, President Woodrow Wilson demands that the Senate adopt a rule to prevent a little group of willful men, representing no opinion but their own from blocking future legislation. Find History on Facebook (Opens in a new window), Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window), Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window), Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window), Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window), https://www.history.com/topics/us-government-and-politics/history-of-the-filibuster. (And, we wont share your email. The 117th Congress, still in session until the end of this year, is close to setting a new record for Senate cloture motions filed to end filibusters. According to research by UCLA political scientist Barbara Sinclair, there was an average of one filibuster per Congress during the 1950s. 2023, A&E Television Networks, LLC. Professors Jacob Hacker and Paul Pierson : No one presently or perhaps ever in the Senate has practiced the dark art of obstruction as relentlessly as Mitch McConnell.[24], 2009-2016 During the Obama Administration, Senate Republicans, under Senator McConnell, use the filibuster more than ever in history. We have become paralyzed by the filibuster and an unwillingness to work together at all. Senator Joe Manchin (D-WV), in 2011[34], 2013 After Senator McConnell uses an unprecedented number of filibusters to prevent the confirmation of Obama nominees, the Senate uses the nuclear option to eliminate filibusters for most presidential nominations. And yet it was utterly consistent with the way the filibuster has been deployed in recent years. To be sure, Senators have filibustered issues other than civil rights over the Senates history. The need to revise the filibuster rules is of paramount importance. [11] The legislation is ultimately passed after it is significantly modified and basic provisions are removed. Even the prospect of a filibuster can hold up a final vote or force a bills supporters to make changes in a bill. and displayed without charge by all commercial and These voter suppression laws are aimed in particular at preventing voting by Black, brown, and other minorities. They have been routinely changed. That is when use of the filibuster rose dramatically; the number of cloture motions filed doubled in a single year. In the 206 years since then, the filibuster has repeatedly been used to block a wide swath of civil rights protections from anti-lynching laws and anti-poll tax measures in the 19th and 20th centuries to the efforts today to block voting rights protections. In the last full session, 2019-2020, the number. Our timeline shows that the Senate filibuster rules were never written in stone. For more than half a century, the Senate took, on average, one vote each year to break filibusters. The grave risk facing our democracy today stems directly from former President Donald Trumps Big Lie that the 2020 presidential election was stolen from him pure demagoguery repeated incessantly and with no basis in fact. [2], Political Science Professor Sarah Binder: The rules elimination was [n]ot because Senators in 1806 sought to protect minority rights and extended debate. [32], In supporting the resolutions, Senator Manchin says: West Virginians deserve a government that works for them, and they are understandably frustrated with the way things get done or dont in Washington.[33], Unfortunately, the legislative process in Washington has gotten so dysfunctional that it doesnt even make much sense at all anymore. 1 / S. 1, the For the People Act. Technically, the tallies don't represent true talking filibusters, but rather all instances where someone called for a procedural vote to end potentially endless debate and hold a pass/fail vote on legislation. industries; and "Economy and Society", which Overview and forecasts on trending topics, Industry and market insights and forecasts, Key figures and rankings about companies and products, Consumer and brand insights and preferences in various industries, Detailed information about political and social topics, All key figures about countries and regions, Market forecast and expert KPIs for 600+ segments in 150+ countries, Insights on consumer attitudes and behavior worldwide, Business information on 70m+ public and private companies, Detailed information for 35,000+ online stores and marketplaces. Our timeline shows that the Senate filibuster rules were never written in stone. proper attribution to Statista. Finally, in 1917, President Woodrow Wilson urged change after his push to arm merchant ships against German U-boats during the run-up to World War I failed in the face of senate filibusters. Heres the filibusters racial history,, The Impact of the Filibuster on Federal Policymaking, Congress Approves Civil Rights Act of 1957, History of Senate Budget Committee, 1974-2006, Changing the Senate Cloture Rule at the Start of a New Congress, Exceptions To The Rules: The Politics of Filibuster Limitations in the U.S. Senate, Why McConnell Gets Away With Filibustering, Doctor No: Senator McConnell, the Supreme Court And a 30-Year Career of Obstructionism, The Man Who Ruined The Senate: Meet Mitch McConnell, Manchin Statement On One Year Anniversary Of Robert C. Byrds Death, West Virginians Deserve A Government That Works For Them. Heres the filibusters racial history, Sarah Binder, The Washington Post (3/24/2021), [11] The Impact of the Filibuster on Federal Policymaking, Center for American Progress (12/5/2019), [12] Congressional Record (8/22/1957 8/30/1957), [13] Congress Approves Civil Rights Act of 1957, CQ Almanac 1957, [14] Civil Rights Filibuster Ended, Senate Historical Office, U.S. Senate, [15] Civil Rights Filibuster Ended, Senate Historical Office, U.S. Senate, [16] History of Senate Budget Committee, 1974-2006, Senate Budget Committee, U.S. Senate, p. 35 (2006), [17] Changing the Senate Cloture Rule at the Start of a New Congress, Congressional Research Service (12/12/2016), [18] Cloture, Senate Historical Office, U.S. Senate, [19] The Case Against The Filibuster, Brennan Center for Justice (2020), [21] Senate Cloture Rule, Senate Rules Committee/Congressional Research Service (2011), [22] The Case Against The Filibuster, Brennan Center for Justice (2020), [23] Exceptions To The Rules: The Politics of Filibuster Limitations in the U.S. Senate, Molly E. Reynolds, Brookings (7/18/2017), [24] Senate Cloture Rule, Senate Rules Committee/Congressional Research Service (2011), [25] Why McConnell Gets Away With Filibustering, Jacob S. Hacker, Paul Pierson, The Atlantic (3/21/2021), [26] The Case Against The Filibuster, Brennan Center for Justice (2020), [27] The GOPs no-compromise pledge, Politico (10/28/2010), [28] Doctor No: Senator McConnell, the Supreme Court And a 30-Year Career of Obstructionism, Fred Wertheimer, HuffPost (3/15/2016), [29] Why Harry Reid Went Nuclear, The Atlantic (11/21/2013), [30] The Man Who Ruined The Senate: Meet Mitch McConnell, Fred Wertheimer, Medium (6/26/2019), [31] The Case Against The Filibuster, Brennan Center for Justice (2020), [32] Manchin Statement On One Year Anniversary Of Robert C. Byrds Death, Senator Joe Manchin website (6/28/2011), [33] West Virginians Deserve A Government That Works For Them, Senator Joe Manchin website (1/27/2011), [34] West Virginians Deserve A Government That Works For Them, Senator Joe Manchin website (1/27/2011), [35] Filibuster Frustrates Manchin, Charleston Daily Mail (10/13/2011), [36] Reid, Democrats Trigger Nuclear Option; Eliminate Most Filibusters On Nominees, The Washington Post (11/21/2013), [37] Reid, Democrats Trigger Nuclear Option; Eliminate Most Filibusters On Nominees, The Washington Post (11/21/2013), [38] Senate Pulls Nuclear Trigger To Ease Gorsuch Confirmation, National Public Radio (4/6/17).
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