Rather than focussing solely on the incident, they redirected their attention to the public's response to it. 60. something like twelve thousand otters have been killed in England for the purpose of fun. For Bates, much like Henry Salt, the pain and suffering experienced by animals were indistinguishable from those experienced by humans. This idea is reinforced by the fact that the two members of the audience who stood to offer their support were both members of the Humanitarian League. young and thoughtful. By the twentieth century most otter hunters spoke of the remote and barbarous days of the spear,Footnote 7 Ruskin's critique of the painting did little to diminish the popularity of Landseer's art in the nineteenth century and hunts, hunters and otter hunting increased substantially in popularity, reaching a peak in the Edwardian period.Footnote Otter-hunting is cowardly and unmanly; Otters are hunted by people who should know better; Otter hunting is a relic of barbarism; Otters are hunted in the breeding season which is despicable were just some of the truths blazoned on boards that day. Raymond, Graham Finally the author of the original article, J. C. Bristow-Noble, responded resentfully that On behalf of some of these daughters of Eve, I have now to state that it is of their opinion that the quarry, as is frequently the case, should always be allowed to escape. And even we English whose behaviour in the country is notoriously crazy must have an excuse for wading through rivers in grey bowler hats, blue jackets and white flannel breeches. women too seem frenzied with the desire to kill.Footnote WebThe otters were then protected by the international fur seal treaty, which banned sea otter hunting. Joseph Collinson argued that a deplorable feature of this sport is that its followers include all sorts and conditions of people: ministers of religion with their wives, young men and young women, sometimes even boys and girls. . Coulson, Otter Worrying A Protest, The Humanitarian, August 1908, 601. Smith, Virginia, Bell, Ernest (18511933), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 [online]Google Scholar. 32 This meant the League had far fewer opportunities to criticise otter hunting and by 1918 it recognised that it was the extravagance of spending vast sums of money on hunting and shooting, rather than the cruelty of blood sports, which aroused public resentment.Footnote WebNo hunting (except waterfowl) during removed only by the user. The Otter Worry, The Humanitarian, September 1907, 164. 68. Instead, it tells the reader that the otter is hunted partly because it is tradition to do so; partly because he provides excellent sport, and partly because it is still necessary to regulate his kind.Footnote Prior to the maritime fur trade which began in the late eighteenth century, sea otters ranged from Japan, north through the Aleutian Islands and down the Pacific coast of North America to Baja California (Barabash-Nikiforov 1947). F. Pamphlet Series. The League for the Prohibition of Cruel Sports, Annual Report (London, 1931), 34. 15, Although this document only had a small readership it proved to be the earliest written condemnation of the sport from an organisation. 46 Recognising that such causes may be dismissed as sickly sentimentality, the League made a point of stressing that their underlying principles were not merely a product of the heart. The last known native sea otter in Washington state, Larson said, was shot in 1910 near Willapa Bay. 56. In the Aleutian Islands, a massive and unexpected disappearance of sea otters has occurred since the 1980s. The cause of the decline is not known, although the observed pattern of disappearances is consistent with a rise in orca predation. Sea otters give live birth. He had been influenced by Ralph Waldo Emerson and was a keen member of the Vegetarian Society and the Humanitarian League and after 1893 devoted much time and money to administration and fund-raising for three main reform causes: vegetarianism, humanitarianism, and animal welfare. His letter writing campaign against rabbit-coursing on Sundays in Surrey led to its prohibition in 1924. 86. View all Google Scholar citations 30 1847Google Scholar; By the mid-1960s, Amchitka Island was being used a site for nuclear testing, which eventually killed many sea otters in the area. The RSPCA and its Objects, The Animal World, July 1906, 154. 51. The following year, the Fur Seal Treaty was signed and although the We can gain an insight into the exact message they were trying to make from the letter which was handed to the master, Sir Maurice Bromley-Wilson, and followers: The Leeds branch of the League for Prohibition of Cruel Sports has organised this protest against otter-hunting to indicate that there is a growing public feeling against this and other so-called sports. He argued that if the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals did not oppose otter hunting then it is quite certain that some similar Society will do so to the utter shame of our Society here.Footnote 63 64. He presented the case for his unauthorised but friendly amendment at the Egyptian Hall, Mansion House. The Masters of Otterhounds Association was formed on 9th February 1910. There is no danger, no risk, absolutely no excuse for this form of baiting except the insensate one of a lust for blood.Footnote Ernest Bell, The Barnstaple Cat-Worrying Case, The Animals Friend (1906), 43. Brutality of Otter-Hunting, Cruel Sports, June 1928, 74. 34 22. Hostname: page-component-75b8448494-knlg2 26 It appears to be more about human behaviour than animal suffering. Although celebrated by reviewers in the Illustrated London News and Athenaeum, the subsequent engraving failed to sell well and John Ruskin argued in 1846 that Landseer before he gives us any more writhing otters, or yelping packs should consider whether such a scene was worthy of contemplation.Footnote Google Scholar. For Johnston, otter hunters were not cruel they were simply misinformed. As this practice was almost exclusivelyFootnote Williamson dedicated Tarka the Otter to William Rogers. Google Scholar. After some lively verbal exchanges between the Huntsman and League members, the Branch Secretary Mrs Chapman attempted to address the crowd by standing on a chair. This carry on as normal sentiment was initially broadly endorsed, but could not be sustained by all. The History of the Eastern Counties Otter Hounds (Powys, 1988), p. 24.Google Scholar. Figure 2. 48 After being chased by the crowd, the female otter took refuge in some brickwork under a bridge. After only two months, the pressure on the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals proved too much and in July 1906 Animal World announced that the committee was not prepared to take any action on the motion moved by Stephen Coleridge with regard to otter hunting. Salt, Henry, Humanitarianism (London, 1891), p. 3 As with the Barnstaple cat-worrying case of 1905, attention was redirected from the actual killing to the animal in question. 88. From The Field for 18th June 1910 came a report that: Too many bitches are killed at this time of the year (June), the dog otters making themselves very scarce. 49 If anyone interpreted this anecdote with a smidgen of sentimentality, as a narrative of a protective mother rewarded for her heroic conduct with the release of her whelp, the harsher realities of such freedom were instantly put into perspective with a quotation from L. C. R. Cameron: Resentment at disturbance of the normal conditions impels her to leave her couch in which she has laid her cubs; the promptings of the maternal instinct compel her to return forthwith to her offspring. Ernest Bell, Cat Worrying by Sportsmen, The Animals Friend (1905), 1823. His argument in the Hunted Otter was driven by quotations from thirty published sources. For such people the laceration of an otter's living flesh is an amusing thing. CrossRefGoogle Scholar; see also This increase in reintroduction effort would come to be known as one of the most ambitious and extensive carnivore restoration efforts in history. Hopkinson, T., ed., Picture Post 193850 (London, 1970), p. 8 Daily Mail, 23rd May 1906, cited in Osman, Colin, Man, Felix Hans (18931985), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 The fact that otter hunting was singled out suggests that Coleridge felt this particular activity was vulnerable enough to be prohibited. Throughout the period campaigners repeatedly pointed to this subject as proof of the inconsistency and heartlessnessFootnote . It depicts Varndell as a solitary figure deep in thought. 89. 31 The committee concluded that the promotion of legislation and especially of controversial legislation, is not desirable at present and should instead be undertaken as far as possible by individuals.Footnote Ormond, Richard, Sir Edwin Landseer (London, 1981), pp. On Tuesday 28th April, a small group of members from the Oxford Branch assembled in Islip to demonstrate against the Buckinghamshire Otter Hounds (Figure 2). Williamson's book was based on considerable personal research and knowledge. . . And as a relatively inexpensive sport, such social changes meant otter hunting had become a less appealing target for them. the killing of baby cubs must needs go on, though a grief and pain to all concerned in their ultimate destruction.Footnote He did however come to the conclusion that their conduct had been reprehensible.Footnote This approval generated considerable adverse reactions and increased press coverage. When the otter reached temporary sanctuary in a holt twenty men got on to the bank and endeavoured by jumping and other means to force the earth down into the unfortunate animal's hiding place until worn out by fatigue and fright surrounded by men and dogs the otter became as easy prey to its enemies. At its centre an exhausted hunter holds an otter aloft over a pack of baying otterhounds. The sea otter population has rebounded to nearly three thousand individuals This indiscriminate killing of females and cubs was shown to be by no means isolated. This in a sense gave the League the moral high ground. The men then lit some cotton waste, smoked out the otter, and pelted it with stones. Although its founder Edward Hulton was a Conservative, the publication was politically left leaning and its editors Stefan Lorent and Tom Hopkinson took an anti-fascist stance. The public profile of otter hunting was raised by the publication in 1927 of Henry Williamson's Tarka the Otter: His Joyful Water-life and Death in the Country of the Two Rivers. In 1928, it showed a cheerful young woman glorying over being blooded at an otter-hunt (Figure 4).Footnote 72 He was also a member of the National Society for the Abolition of Cruel Sports and an unwavering opponent of otter hunting. 76, There is a real sense that women should have had the emotional authority to know better.Footnote Once all of them are out, plug up the hole and it is as simple as that. In fact, this member felt that the latter was worse than the former: In the one case a crowd of men became infected with a sudden attack of blood lust, and were carried away by the excitement of the moment to the temporary exclusion of all feelings of humanity. 33. He proposed that the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals should take its courage in both hands and accept his amendment: That it be an instruction from this General Meeting of Subscribers of the RSPCA to the Committee, forthwith to secure its presentation to Parliament, the object of which shall be to make otter hunting illegal..Footnote The first publication solely concerned with exposing the cruelties of otter hunting was Joseph Collinson's 1911 The Hunted Otter, a twenty-four page booklet in Ernest Bell's A. WebSea otters were hunted to near extinction during the maritime fur trade of the 1700s and 1800s. artificial membrane that mimics the. Large numbers of sea cows occurred in the Commander Islands at the time of their discovery by Europeans in 1741. In February 1918 the Representation of the People Act gave all women over the age of thirty the right to vote. Yet although Johnston was not directly involved, his argument brought into prominence the campaign for the otter. 89 River otters love fish, frogs, crayfishes, crabs, and other aquatic invertebrate In addition to this justification, any suggestion of cruelty is light-heartedly dismissed: It is improbable that most of the people who go otter hunting worry much about the humanities or the natural law of the thing. In the case of an organised hunt, the followers deliberately engage in a series of barbaric acts, skilfully camouflaged by all the trappings of an elaborate ritual. A subsection in the Hunted Otter (1911) entitled Hunted for Seven Hours described the lengthy pursuit of a female otter by the Culmstock Otter Hounds in 1910. 77. President Stephen Coleridge, his successor Lady Cory and several other members did the same. 50 47 87. Moreover, the intimacy of otter hunting meant that not only are they present at these infamous scenes, but, like the huntsmen, are worked up to the wildest pitch of excitement and moreover join in the final worry and the performance of the obsequies, when the spoils of the chase are distributed.Footnote Alongside the written article, twelve pictures are used to provide a step by step visual account of a day's hunting with the Crowhurst Otter Hounds. This is clearly a splendid time. In women and children it induced behaviour that was not in keeping with certain ideas about gender and youth. By planting a seed of doubt into the minds of readers over the accuracy of hunting reports, it also implied that otter hunters could not be trusted. The Guardian reported that the grisly content of the painting was the reason why it was taken off permanent display by its owners the Laing Gallery in Newcastle.Footnote On occasions deer-hunters hunted and killed hinds-in-calf. Writing in the Morning Leader, Colonel Coulson described how an otter, which had been hunted for seven hours, was struck and killed by a blow from a metal-shod stick wielded by an otter hunter in a boat. 2. In these terms, if fishermen, as the only people with a genuine grievance against otters, did not feel the need to hunt and kill them on the grounds of revenge, then the animal was not a pest. Bell-Irving, David Jardine, Tally-Ho: Fifty Years of Sporting Reminiscences (Dumfries, 1920), p. 120 68 during the fur hunting period in the 18th and 19th centuries. See 3. This was the month when the Barnstaple cat-worrying case was in the public eye. At night, in company with her other cub, she came to the yard and tried to liberate the little captive, but without success. Glorying over being blooded at an Otter Hunt, Cruel Sports, 1928 p. 85. The national profile of otter hunting was raised in July 1905 when the press reported an incident that became known as the Barnstaple cat-worrying case. The small caption reads: OTTER-HUNTING. The Hawkstone Otter Hounds disbanded in 1914, putting down most of their hounds. Here he labelled otter hunting as the second cruellest blood sport: With the exception of the hare-hunt men and women possibly never sink so low as they do when they join an Otter-Worry. 84. Men, women and children could all actively participate together in this sport. for this article. Indeed, Coulson, Collinson and other campaigners believed that the kill had ill effects on the mental well-being of every person involved. In August 1938 the National Society for the Abolition of Cruel Sports gained permission to reprint the chapter in leaflet form. Sea otters were locally extinct in British Columbian waters in Canada, until a plane containing a romp of otters arrived and set off a population boom with Hounds Feather as They Search the River Banks; (10) Followers Take to the Water; (11) This Is the Kill; (12) The Whip Holds Up the Trophy. By enlisting the opinion of H. E. Bates, the National Society for the Abolition of Cruel Sports hoped this sentiment would not only reach a more popular readership, but also move such people into joining the campaign against otter hunting. . The Humanitarian League's strategy was that whenever an article mentioning otter hunting appeared in a newspaper or magazine, League members would bombard that publication with letters of protest. Demonstration at a Meet of the Bucks Otter Hounds. 42. for torturing cats to death, should show the public the lengths to which cowards will go when once they begin to gratify blood-lust.Footnote Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. Demonstrations at a Meet of the Bucks Otter Hounds, Cruel Sports, June 1931, 51. . Otter hunting was a minor field sport in Britain but in the early years of the twentieth century a lively campaign to ban it was orchestrated by several individuals and anti-hunting societies. In 1901 he also contributed a four page paper, The Otter Worry, to the League's sixty-three page pamphlet British Blood Sports: Let us go out and kill something. Nearly 280 river otters were captured in the Adirondacks and Catskills and relocated to 15 sites in central and western New York during a three-year period in the 1990s. . The following year he became joint Master with Mrs Mildred Cheesman who had been celebrated as the first lady master of otter hounds in the Daily Mail in 1905, as discussed earlier in this paper. 15. 29 First, he insisted that cats had been used, as he could not always get hold of a badger. 73 Donald, Diana, Picturing Animals in Britain 17501850 (New Haven and London, 2007), pp. Johnston's opinion of the otter and motivation for its protection were also quite unusual. 61. 336, p. 34. 59. Joseph Collinson, The Hunted Otter (1911), p. 19. A fortnight after this event, on 13th May 1931, the second reported demonstration against otter hunting generated a rather more hostile response. Stephen Coleridge was the second son of Lord Chief Justice of England, John Duke Coleridge, and great nephew of Samuel Taylor Coleridge. 67 of the hunting fraternity. For campaigners, the killing of indefensible cubs and protective mothers was the antithesis of fair play, sportsmanship and manliness. Afterwards everyone who took part in the orgy was probably ashamed of himself. Salt, Henry, Seventy Years Among Savages (London, 1921) p. 141 55. John Mackenzie points out that Landseer did not decry human participation in the raw cruelty of the natural world. Sea otter conservation began in the early 20th century, when the sea otter was nearly extinct due to large-scale commercial hunting. The sea otter was once abundant in a wide arc across the North Pacific ocean, from northern Japan to Alaska to Mexico. Spurious Sports Sport with an Otter, The Humanitarian, October 1906, 75. 14. and the sunshine of May. Reverend H. C. G. Matthew, Coleridge, Stephen William Buchanan (18541936), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004). The war had a dramatic effect on otter hunting and campaigns against the sport, although individual hunts dealt with the hostilities in their own ways. 42. WebOregons sea otters disappeared in flash of destruction, as one small part of an ocean-spanning fur boom driven by demand for their lush pelts. The photograph was taken by Felix Man, who had been an active photojournalist since 1929, had emigrated from Germany to London in 1934 and was chief photographer for Picture Post from 1938 to 1945.Footnote 77. The otter is as good an excuse as the next one; and, after all, the beast usually escapes.Footnote Another aspect of otter hunting that attracted critical attention was the type of people involved and the behaviour it induced. That year, some conservation measures were established, but unregulated killing resumed in 1867, when the U.S. purchased Alaska. It is quite clear from the applause with which my remarks have been received that the subscribers of the Society do wish to hear me. 62. Bates wrote this chapter on the basis that he liked otters but, despite living within a mile of a river valley, had never seen one in the wild. (Cheers.) Syse, Karen Victoria Lykke, Otters as Symbols in the British Environmental Discourse, Landscape Research, 38 (2013), 54052CrossRefGoogle Scholar. 76. Brought up as a sportsman and still a keen angler, this well-known Northumberland country gentleman and Justice of the Peace was a staunch and fearless friend of animals.Footnote Promoting the humane principles. The painting, Sir Edwin Landseer's The Otter Speared, Portrait of the Earl of Aberdeen's Otterhounds, or the Otter Hunt had been associated with controversy since it was first exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1844 (Figure 1). The latter formed a pack of Otter Hounds in Llandinam, Wales, bearing his name in 1906. For Bates, such suffering could not be enjoyable for the sufferer and should not be enjoyable for onlookers. 72. Although this unusual interlude was tolerated with good humour at first, one follower of the hunt retaliated by burning a number of leaflets. The National Society for the Abolition of Cruel Sports sought to enlist the support of well-known individuals, including the journalist and author H. E. Bates (19051974) who became a mainstream country writer. Still, if I am ruled out of order I will resume my seat. The most important organisation calling for the protection of otters in the Edwardian period was the Humanitarian League, founded in 1891 by Henry Salt, who published his pamphlet Humanitarianism in the same year. Render date: 2023-05-01T08:20:46.153Z 53, To show that this practice was not a thing of the past, Collinson then lifted more recent examples from the May 1906 Animals Friend: An otter, after being worried for four hours, gave birth to two cubs, and was afterwards hunted for two hours more before she was killed. 21 At dawn she withdrew to the river, where she was again hunted, but after several hours pursuit managed to escape. 27 Feature Flags: { In 1923 he diverted his attention to blood sports. The following month the four-page leaflet, Otters and Men, was issued at the price of 1d. He uses heavy irony to get his point across: Fun is a curious word. 75 The word fun is the binding theme in Bates argument. Cruel Sports illustrated this incident with a photograph headed Burning the Truth! According to the League's Report for 1931, the demonstration at Colchester resulted in a local ban being placed on the hounds.Footnote Here Bates presents a very personal and very committed attack on otter hunting in a style of writing quite unlike his own. Here we explore the plausibility of this mechanism, using information on sea otters, kelp forests, and the recent extinction of Steller's sea cows from the Commander Islands. 03 March 2016. This desire had different implications for different sorts of people. 1 See inside.. 63. The recent exposure in Devonshire, where a master of otter hounds was sentenced to imprisonment. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. 23 The aesthetic quality of animals was also important to him. What humbugs we are!Footnote A true man would kill fierce animals with as little pain as possible, while those he destroys for food, or raiment, he will destroy mercifully. Allen, Daniel, The Hunted Otter in Britain, 18301939, in Middleton, K. and Pooley, S., eds, Wild Things: Nature and the Social Imagination (Cambridge, 2013)Google Scholar; Even if she is prevented from doing so, she will hang about the place where they are, and perhaps be killed wet when the cubs, too, will perish.Footnote artificial The candid words of Reverend E. W. L. Davies in his 1886 chapter on The Otter and his Ways helped to reinforce this point: Bitch-otters yielding milk. They were then handed leaflets. 48. George Greenwood, Chapter 1: The Cruelty of Sport, in Henry Salt, ed., Killing for Sport (1914), p. 6. This paper examines the arguments and methods used in different anti-otter hunting campaigns 19001939 by organisations such as the Humanitarian League, the League for the Prohibition of Cruel Sports and the National Association for the Abolition of Cruel Sports. 54 Sea otters, in turn, are equally voracious predators of sea urchins. Google Scholar. Initially L. C. R. Cameron, author of Otters and Otter-Hunting (1908), was incredulous that the incident could have happened at all while F. G. Aflalo, editor of the Encyclopaedia of Sport, thought the reports demonstrated the ignorance of the critics of hunting.Footnote Varndell had mastered the Crowhurst Otter Hounds since 1905, and had missed only four days hunting in thirty-five years.Footnote Otter-Hunting, Cruel Sports, August 1939, 58. The Spirit of Otter-Hunting, Cruel Sports, August 1939, 62. and broadly disregarded spearing as one of the blood-thirsty methods used by our forefathers.Footnote A high proportion of the League were women. By 2016, over 4,000 river otters had been translocated to 23 states. The opinion of H. E. Bates provides an insight into one person's perception of the immorality of hunting otters to death. The Cheriton Cruelty Case, The Field, 28th October 1905, 768. Ernest Bell noted in the Animals Friend journal soon after the prosecution that it was quite right that the press should express horror at such barbarity but questioned whether the deliberate worrying of otters for amusement was any less cruel or reprehensible than the worrying of cats.Footnote . By Zulma Cary. Bell was sentenced to one month's imprisonment with hard labour and John Church, the Hunt's Whip, received half that sentence. . Henry Salt also argued in the Morning Leader on 31st August 1907, almost two months after the incident, that such scandals as this bludgeoning of a hunted otter and the recent worrying of cats by the master of the Cheriton Otter Hounds were a sign that cruelty in one direction often leads to cruelty in another, and that in such a sport as otter-hunting the line between practice and malpractice is apt to be overlooked.Footnote These snaps, which had been taken by otter hunters, were lifted from local newspapers then republished with evocative captions. 39 The otter is impaled on a barbed hunting spear and is about to be flung down for the hounds. Hastings (190982) became a leading war reporter for Picture Post. shot but they felt that many otters were preserved for hunting, a shameful blot on our civilisation. 73. The League for the Prohibition of Cruel Sports based itself on the radical elements of the Humanitarian League. Human involvement is, rather, glorified as an imperative of command over nature, perfectly conveyed in The Otter Hunt.Footnote of compassion, love, gentleness, and universal benevolence, the Humanitarian League clearly set itself apart from other reform oriented bodies. UKWOT has 29. [After a pause.] 45 The Master of the Crowhurst Otter Hounds surveys a line of Country. The image in question fronted the issue released on 22nd July 1939. Reflecting on the period, W. H. Rogers of the Cheriton Otter Hounds wrote: Some doubts were expressed as to the propriety of hunting while so many poor fellows were being killed and wounded in the trenches, but the view prevailed that if the Hunt was once dropped it would be very difficult to restart it, and that those who were away would wish us to keep things going against their return.Footnote The sport became increasingly popular in the late nineteenth century and the Edwardian period. The hunting and killing of female otters during the breeding season was a recurring theme in anti-hunting literature. 12. Scientists and tribal leaders say reintroducing otters would restore balance to degraded kelp forests, boost fish species, protect shorelines, generate tourist dollars 1. With this in mind Johnston seemed to overlook the behaviour of otter hunters and instead placed blame on anglers: Salmon is produced in such enormous abundance in North America and Norway, and is so very unlikely (owing to its habit of resorting to the sea) to become exterminated in British waters by the otter, that it would be a shame if this remarkable aquatic weasel. 59. Hunting Otters with firearms was once common in the early twentieth century, but many preferred to trap them. 71. . 49. With fox hunting, he argued, few perhaps ever see the death, and it is over almost in an instant but, owing to his strength and cat-like tenacity of life, the otter fights long and dies hard. During the period 1969-72, 89 sea otters were translo-cated to British Columbia; 59 otters were released in Washington in 1969-70. To stress his dissatisfaction, he targets two features specific to the sport, the prolonged duration of the pursuit and spring and summer hunting: To make it pleasant for otters as well as man, otters are hunted not only for a long time, for seven or eight or ten or eleven hours at a stretch, but in spring. Izaak Walton, The Compleat Angler: Or the Contemplative Man's Recreation (1653), Chapter 2. He also pointed out that Geoffrey Hill of Hawkstone had killed 544 otters between 1870 and 1884, and that William Collier of Culmstock had also accounted for 144 between 1879 and 1884. 79. 12 The otter hunters involved had been using cats in a specially constructed wooden tunnel to train their young terriers to bolt otters. These public demonstrations shed light on the respectability of the animal welfare movement. The 1911 pamphlet attempted to shed light on the overall death roll of otter hunting. They might be horrified if you suggested that they wished the otter any harm.
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